KDS关于振荡电路的讨论方法
石英振子是无源部件，无源晶振，因此会受到电源电压、环境温度、电路结构、电路常数、基板的布线图案等的影响。 大致分为正常动作和异常动作两种。 因此，设计振荡电路时，前提条件是使石英振子稳定且可靠地振荡。 确认后，将讨论频率精度、频率的可变量、调制度、振荡开始时间、振荡波形等以下项目。
彼得曼32.768K有源晶振的优势，Time requirements in modern metering applications have massively increased in the last few years. The usual requirement in modern metering applications is a time offset of 1 hour after 7 years. It should also be possible for the operating temperature range of the application to comply with this value. 1 hour max. after 7 years corresponds to a frequency tolerance of ±16 ppm absolute at 32,768 kHz. It is no longer possible for conventional 32,768 kHz oscillating crystals to meet these requirements.
On the one hand, this is because 32,768 kHz are only available with a frequency tolerance of ±10ppm at +25°C, on the other hand, the temperature stability over a temperature range of -40/+85°C is more then -180 ppm. Moreover, ageing of approx. ±30 ppm after 10 years must be taken into account when calculating accuracy. In the worst case, a 32,768 kHz crystal has a maximum frequency stability of +40/-220 ppm (including adjustment at +25°C, temperature stability and ageing after 10 years). External circuit capacitance must be able to compensate any systematic frequency offset caused by the internal capacitance of the oscillator stage of the IC to be synchronised and by stray capacitance. The selection of a layout without external circuit capacitance for the 32,768 crystal involves a great risk because the accuracy of the 32,768 crystal can neither be corrected nor adjusted to suddenly changing PCB conditions during series production. Initially, the intersection angle for the 32,768 crystal was designed for optimal accuracy in wristwatches, and not for most of the applications for which it is used nowadays.
In order to meet the highly accurate time requirements, we as a clocking specialist offer the series ULPPO ultra low power 32,768 kHz oscillator. This oscillator can be operated with each voltage within a VDD range of 1.5 to 3.63 VDC. The specified current consumption is 0.99 µA. The temperature stability of ULPPOs is ±5 ppm over a temperature range of -40/+85°C. Frequency stability (delivery accuracy plus temperature stability) is ±10 ppm, and ageing after 20 years is ±2 ppm. Thus the maximum overall stability of ULPPOs is ±12 ppm including the ageing after 10 years. These are industry best parameters.
No external circuit capacitance is required for the circuiting of the ultra small housing (housing area: 1.2 mm2). The input stage of the IC installed in the ULPPO independently filters the supply voltage. Compared to crystals, ULPPOs save a lot of space on the printed circuit board so that the packing density can be increased, and smaller printed circuit boards can be designed. The adjustment of the amplitude further reduces the power consumption of the ULPPO.
For space calculations, both external circuit capacitances for a crystal on the printed circuit board must also be taken into account. With its two external circuit capacitances, even the smallest 32,768 kHz crystal requires more space on the PCB than ULPPOs do.
Moreover, very small 32,768 kHz crystals have very high resistances which usually cannot be safely overcome by the oscillator stages to be synchronised because the oscillator stages of the ICs or RTCs to be synchronised have very high tolerances as well. Therefore, sudden response time problems in the field might occur which can be ruled out with ULPPOs. Thus, the safe operation of the application is possible with ULPPOs under all circumstances.
Oscillator stages consume a lot of energy to keep a 32,768 crystal oscillating. Usually, the input stage of the MCU can be directly circuited with the LVCMOS signal of the ULPPO (usually Xin). Thus the input stage of the MCU can be deactivated (bypass function) so that the energy saved can be used for the calculation of the system power consumption of the meter. Moreover, ULPPOs are able to synchronise several ICs at a time. Due to the very high accuracy of the ULPPO, less time synchronisations are required, which also saves system power.
Of course, ULPPOs can be used in any applications which require miniaturised ultra low power 32,768 kHz oscillators such as smartphones, tablets, GPS, fitness watches, health and wellness applications, wireless keyboards, timing systems, timing applications, wearables, IoT, home automation, etc. Due to the high degree of accuracy of 32,768 kHz oscillators, the standby time or even the hypernation time in hypernation technology applications can be significantly increased so that a high amount of system power can be saved due to the significantly lower battery-intensive synchronisation cycles. Thus the 32,768 kHz oscillator is the better choice compared to 32,768 kHz crystals. Ultra low power 32,768 kHz oscillators are available with diverse accuracy variations – see also the ULPO-RB1 and -RB2 series.
不断精进自我的优质制造商彼得曼公司，致力于开发大量高质量的产品，随着近几年来，现代计量应用的时间要求大幅提高。现代计量应用的通常要求是7年后时间偏移1小时。应用的工作温度范围也应符合该值。最多1小时。7年后对应于32，768kHz下16ppm绝对值的频率容差。传统的32，768 kHz振荡晶体不再可能满足这些要求。彼得曼32.768K有源晶振的优势.
一方面，这是因为32，768kHz仅在+25°C时具有10ppm的频率容差，另一方面，在-40/+85°C温度范围内的温度稳定性高于-180ppm。此外，老化约。计算精度时，必须考虑10年后的30ppm。最差情况下，32.768K有源晶振的最大频率稳定性为+40/-220 ppm(包括+25°C时的调整、温度稳定性和10年后的老化)。外部电路电容必须能够补偿由要同步的ic振荡器级的内部电容和杂散电容引起的任何系统频率偏移。为32，768晶振选择无外部电路电容的布局包含很大的风险，因为在批量生产期间，32，768晶振的精度既不能校正也不能调整以适应突然变化的PCB条件。最初，32，768英寸晶体的交叉角度是为手表的最佳精度而设计的，而不是为如今使用它的大多数应用而设计的。
彼得曼贴片石英晶振专用于超声波,公司
PETERMANN-TECHNIK是象征着质量和可持续性。这是一家有着伟大使命的知名制造商,从打磨产品的每一个细节之中可体现，你从一个来源得到一切。从合格的设计服务到我们的内部工程，再到具有卓越一致质量和性能的最高质量产品。
30多年来，我们在频率控制元件和系统方面积累了丰富的专业知识。我们的经验不仅限于使用石英晶振和振荡器开发电路。它还包括深入的工程知识，这是我们咨询服务和频率确定元件销售的基础。你可以相信我们的经验和专业知识。因为我们的目标是能够通过及时和有能力的咨询为您提供最好的支持。
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彼得曼技术公司努力为每一种产品和服务提供最高的质量、安全性、灵活性和客户满意度。作为一个充满活力的市场环境中的创新者，我们致力于成为客户可靠的战略合作伙伴。凭借我们广泛的产品和服务、不折不扣的质量和卓越的性价比，我们支持他们开发具有竞争力的高效应用。
每个开发和生产专家都知道！石英晶体不能处理超声波焊接和清洗。高频焊接或清洗过程会损坏石英晶体谐振器。
格耶品牌的低功耗温补晶振TCXO，日益小型化的趋势技术参数要求越来越高在TCXO领域引人注目。随着5G网络和汽车行业、物联网行业、移动通信技术，医疗技术也要求高精度。TCXO已经是2019年最畅销的振荡器类型市场预测非常好。然而，由于最近几年的危机，一些领域的发展非常克制，重新确定了优先事项。年的显著复苏该OSC振荡器部分得到了制造商的支持性能卓越的组件。
在下文中，我们根据最新的技术状态总结了振荡器的原理构成的进展主要与频率稳定性、相位噪声和功耗有关。以下3组石英振荡器的测量方法不同对于温度补偿：
XO，石英晶体振荡器-一种没有特殊措施的晶体振荡器温度补偿。它的温度行为与使用的晶体。
TCXO，温度补偿晶体振荡器-一种温度补偿晶体振荡器，其中产生校正电压通过温度相关电阻器或类似电阻器，用于频率校正模拟TCXO可以实现大约20倍的改进仅在晶体上。格耶品牌的低功耗温补晶振TCXO.
OCXO，烤箱控制晶体振荡器-一种恒温控制晶体振荡器，其中晶体而其他温度敏感部件在一个选择温度的腔室中，使得晶体没有更长的时间具有任何明显的温度响应。OCXO可以实现超过1000倍的改进石英。
在康纳-温菲尔德，我们的政策是诚实和道德地处理我们的商业事务。这一目标要求组织中的每个人都承担责任，在康纳温菲尔德晶振公司的所有活动中促进诚信，并表现出最高水平的道德行为。应避免可能对我们的声誉或诚信产生不利影响的活动。实现我们的业务目标和遵守本准则的关键是行使良好的判断力。这意味着遵守法律，做“正确”的事情，即使法律或内部政策不明确，也要遵守道德。
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包括英特尔、ARM、三星和高通在内的主要IC OEM公司都积极致力于将工艺几何尺寸降低到10nm甚至7nm的FinFET架构的开发。
CTS晶振公司推出的425F35B025M0000无源晶振常常用于便携设备，CTS拥有多种无源晶体(XTAL) 产品，可提供多种封装类型和频率。我们独特的基本晶体是使用专有的蚀刻工艺开发的，以达到更高的频率。我们在汽车市场的悠久历史使我们了解汽车客户的需求并提供正确的水晶解决方案。
无论您是开始一项具有关键规格的新设计，还是只需要现有应用的可靠来源，我们都有完美的石英晶振解决方案。联系我们的团队，帮助您从尺寸小至1.6×1.2mm的玻璃密封或接缝密封封装中选择一系列晶体。
日本爱普生晶振TG2520SMN，为了更好的满足高端智能产品需求，提供温补晶体振荡器系列以及压控温补晶振系列两种。小体积晶振尺寸2.5x2.0x0.8mm四脚贴片晶振，频率范围:10MHZ至55MHZ之间，并且具有1.8V Typ./2.8V Typ./3.0V Typ./3.3V Typ等多种电源电压。满足市场需求提供±2.0PPM,±0.5PPM高精度。工作温度范围:-40℃至+85℃，TG2520SMN贴片晶振具有超小型，轻薄型，低电源电压，低抖动，低功耗，低损耗，低耗能，低电平，高精度，耐高温等特点。被广泛用于5G移动通讯设备，GPS定位器，工业控制，消费电子，智能安防，物联网，车载电子，工业机械等领域。
GPS定位器专用晶振TG2520SMN温补晶体振荡器X1G005421021327
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